1. Briefly outline section 45.4
I. Density- Dependent Limiting Factors
a. Limiting Factor- Any environmental factor that- by its decrease, increase, absence, or presence- limits the growth, metabolic processes, or distribution of organisms or populations.
b. Carrying Capacity- The maximum population of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely by a given habitat or area without damage to the environmental.
c. Logistic growth- is a pattern that shows how carrying capacity may affect population size.
d. density- dependent controls- reduces the odds for individual survival.
e. Density- independent factors- Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is not dependent on the number of individuals in the population.
2. Briefly summarize the 3 survivorship curves and offer an example of each.
Curve 1 reflects high survivorship until fair late in life, then large increase in death. For example, female elephants give birth to four or five calves in her lifetime and devote several year to parenting each one. Curve 2 reflects a constant death rate at all ages. Examples are birds, lizard, and other not so large animals, such as monkey. Curve 3 reflects a death rate that is significantly high. Insects are the example for curve 3 because after they produce their offspring, they will die.
3. Briefly describe what the age structure diagram would look like for each of the following populations:
1. For the population that is undergoing negative growth, the age diagram structure would be skinner compare more to other age structure diagram. The reason why it’s skinnier than other age structure diagram is because during negative growth, there are less pre-productive years, than post-productive years.
2. If a population with nearly no growth, the age structure diagram would look more balance than the negative growth one. The reason because there are slightly more pre-productive years than post productive years, so it makes the bottom longer, and the top slightly narrower.
3. If a population growth rapidly, the age structure diagram would have less post- productive years than pre-productive years.
4. If a population growing slowly, the age structure diagram would look like a pyramid. There will be a lot more pre-productive years than post-productive years.
D. The ecosystem phase of the nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation. Bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen in the air to ammonia and then to ammonium, which is a form that plants easily take up. By ammonification , bacteria and fungi make additional ammonium available to plants when they break down nitrogen-rich organic wastes and remains. By nitrification, bacteria convert nitrites in soil to nitrate, which also is a form that plants easily take up.
Sunday, January 23, 2011
AP Bio Chapter 45 and 47. Ecology
Carrying Capacity and Biotic Potential- In order for the species to survive, they need a habitats or areas without damage to the environment. For organisms that want to survive to reproductive age, they need an ideal condition. Carrying capacity and biotic potential are related because in order for species to reproductive age, they need habitats or areas that are suitable for them.
Biological magnification and Trophic level- Biological magnification is often referred to as a process which substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain. They are often eaten by aquatic organism such as fish. Then larger animals such as birds will eat the fish, and other animals, such as hawks will eat the bird. As animals eat each other, the trophic level will get higher every time.
Detritivores and Autotrophs- Detritivores are known as detritus feeders, and they obtain butrients by consuming detritus. Autotrophs produce energy from sunlight, and they use sunlight energy to make photosynthesis. After they made photosynthesis, they will produce plants or algae in water. From that, detritivores will eat the autotrophs, such as plants, and they carry their nutrients around.
Mitochondria and Green House Gases- Mitochondria are cell organelle that generates ATP through chemical energy. The greenhouse gases need energy to trap more heat on the earth’s surface, so it can makes the temperature stable and sustains our life.
Biological magnification and Trophic level- Biological magnification is often referred to as a process which substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain. They are often eaten by aquatic organism such as fish. Then larger animals such as birds will eat the fish, and other animals, such as hawks will eat the bird. As animals eat each other, the trophic level will get higher every time.
Detritivores and Autotrophs- Detritivores are known as detritus feeders, and they obtain butrients by consuming detritus. Autotrophs produce energy from sunlight, and they use sunlight energy to make photosynthesis. After they made photosynthesis, they will produce plants or algae in water. From that, detritivores will eat the autotrophs, such as plants, and they carry their nutrients around.
Mitochondria and Green House Gases- Mitochondria are cell organelle that generates ATP through chemical energy. The greenhouse gases need energy to trap more heat on the earth’s surface, so it can makes the temperature stable and sustains our life.
Monday, January 17, 2011
AP Bio- Ecology
1. Coevolution and Commensalism- Coevolution is when two species interact so closely with each other in the structure, function, or behavior. It’s related to commensalism becauaw when two species interact with each other, one might benefit from the other species, but the other species might remain neutral.
2. Mimicry and Aposematic Coloration- When animals use aposematic coloration, they give warning to other predator, and thus, animals can gather together and give each other protection.
3. Altruism and Allele- Altruism is when one species give up their life and produces those of their same species. And once they produce their same species, although they are the same, they might mix with different trait of partner to form of DNA sequence of a particular gene.
4. Species, Population and Species- In order to have a population, we need to have species first. But in order to have species to form a population, they need to have a good niche. A niche is a condition where a species live in and has abundant resources to provide to them in order for them to form a population.
2. Mimicry and Aposematic Coloration- When animals use aposematic coloration, they give warning to other predator, and thus, animals can gather together and give each other protection.
3. Altruism and Allele- Altruism is when one species give up their life and produces those of their same species. And once they produce their same species, although they are the same, they might mix with different trait of partner to form of DNA sequence of a particular gene.
4. Species, Population and Species- In order to have a population, we need to have species first. But in order to have species to form a population, they need to have a good niche. A niche is a condition where a species live in and has abundant resources to provide to them in order for them to form a population.
Biology Homework- Ecology
Commensalism- The burrows of many marine worms contain commensals that take advantage of the shelter provided but do not affect the worm
Mutualism- The example I can think of is the association between termites and the specialized protozoans that inhabit their guts. The protozoans, unlike the termites, are able to digest the cellulose of the wood that the termites eat and release sugars that the termites absorb.
Parasitism- Parasites are usually specialized for their way of life. They typically produce vast numbers of eggs, very few survives to find their way to another suitable host.
Resource Partitioning- different warblers eat the same caterpillar, but they occupy different positions in the tree.
Predator- Prey coevolution- Rough- Skinned Newt and garter snake are the example of Predator- Prey coevolution. In this case, the newts produce a potent nerve toxin that concentrates in their skin. Garter snakes have evolved resistance to this toxin through a set of genetic mutation, and prey upon the newts.
Camouflage- When an animal, such as deer, facing danger, it will combine with the similar object to fake the predator.
Mimicry- When one elephant is attacked by the predator, many elephants will gather together and help that one elephant out of danger.
Aposematic Coloration- Granular Poison Frog will change its color to warn the predator.
Pioneer species- Pioneer Species are usually grasses such as marram grass, which grows on sand dunes. In more rocky and damp conditions, they are usually lichen, and small ephemeral bunchgrasses and wildflowers in crevices.
Keystone Species- Some sea star may perform this function by preying on sea urchins, mussels and other shellfish that have no other natural predators. If the sea star is removed from the ecosystem, the mussel population explodes uncontrollably, driving out most other species, while the urchin population annihilates coral reefs.
Instinctive Behavior- When an elephants saw any predator coming to them, they will flee to other areas.
Imprinting- Baby tigers are the example of imprinting because during their early development, their parent will teach them how to get food and survive.
Altruism- Insects are the example of Altruism because they will lower their chance of surviving and produced mass amount of insects of the same species.
Chemical Communication- Elephants use chemical communication to find food, direction, and many others stuffs.
Tactile Communication- Human being always uses tactile communication to communicate with infants. Tactile communication can convey love, emotion, coldness, and hostility.
Courtship ritual/ display- Birds use courtship ritual to attract their partner.
Mutualism- The example I can think of is the association between termites and the specialized protozoans that inhabit their guts. The protozoans, unlike the termites, are able to digest the cellulose of the wood that the termites eat and release sugars that the termites absorb.
Parasitism- Parasites are usually specialized for their way of life. They typically produce vast numbers of eggs, very few survives to find their way to another suitable host.
Resource Partitioning- different warblers eat the same caterpillar, but they occupy different positions in the tree.
Predator- Prey coevolution- Rough- Skinned Newt and garter snake are the example of Predator- Prey coevolution. In this case, the newts produce a potent nerve toxin that concentrates in their skin. Garter snakes have evolved resistance to this toxin through a set of genetic mutation, and prey upon the newts.
Camouflage- When an animal, such as deer, facing danger, it will combine with the similar object to fake the predator.
Mimicry- When one elephant is attacked by the predator, many elephants will gather together and help that one elephant out of danger.
Aposematic Coloration- Granular Poison Frog will change its color to warn the predator.
Pioneer species- Pioneer Species are usually grasses such as marram grass, which grows on sand dunes. In more rocky and damp conditions, they are usually lichen, and small ephemeral bunchgrasses and wildflowers in crevices.
Keystone Species- Some sea star may perform this function by preying on sea urchins, mussels and other shellfish that have no other natural predators. If the sea star is removed from the ecosystem, the mussel population explodes uncontrollably, driving out most other species, while the urchin population annihilates coral reefs.
Instinctive Behavior- When an elephants saw any predator coming to them, they will flee to other areas.
Imprinting- Baby tigers are the example of imprinting because during their early development, their parent will teach them how to get food and survive.
Altruism- Insects are the example of Altruism because they will lower their chance of surviving and produced mass amount of insects of the same species.
Chemical Communication- Elephants use chemical communication to find food, direction, and many others stuffs.
Tactile Communication- Human being always uses tactile communication to communicate with infants. Tactile communication can convey love, emotion, coldness, and hostility.
Courtship ritual/ display- Birds use courtship ritual to attract their partner.
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