Sympatric speciation & Microtubules- Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting in the same geographic region. In eukaryotic organisms, sympatric speciation is thought to be an uncommon but plausible process by which genetic divergence of various populations from a single parent species and inhabiting the same geographic region leads to the creation of a new species. It’s related to microtubules because microtubules develop cell segregations in animals, so there are different traits of species live in different habitats.
Endosymbiosis & Atmospheric Gases- Endosymbisis is which one organism lives inside the body of another and both function as a single organism. It’s related to the atmosphere gases because the atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, and it has a lot of functions too. It has a lot of functions but it’s only one organism.
Adaptive Radiation & Character Displacement- Adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. It’s related to character displacement because character displacement means that similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated. It’s related to adaptive radiation because it overlaps, which means there will be rapidly multiplying lineage occupying many regions.
Proto-cells & Uracil- Proto cells are arises from inorganic matter through natural process. In all living things, these amino acids are organized into proteins, and the construction of these proteins is mediated by nucleic acids, which synthesized through biochemical pathways by proteins. It’s related to Uracil because uracil is one of the amino acids that contain nucleic acids.
Mechanical isolation- individual can’t mate or pollinate because of physical incompatibilities.
Temporal isolation- Individuals of different species reproduce at different times.
Behavioral isolation- individuals of different species ignore or don’t get the required cues for sex.
Ecological isolation- individuals of different species live in different places and never meet up.
Gamete mortality- gametes of different species are incompatible, so no fertilization.
Hybrid inviability- Hybrid embryos die early or the new individuals die before they can reproduce.
Hybrid sterility- Hybrid individuals can’t make functional gametes.
2. The differences between the graduate model of speciation and the punctuation model of speciation are that the graduate model of speciation holds that species originate by slight morphological changes over long time spans; whereas, in the punctuation model of speciation, it evolves in a relatively brief geologic period, within the tens to hundreds of thousands of years when populations are starting to diverge.
3. Stanley Miller thought that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, were came to existence by chance. He used a gas mixture that he assumed to have existed on the primordial earth. Since these gases would not react with each other under natural conditions, he added energy to the mixture to start a reaction among them. After he finished the experiment, he observed that three out of the 20 amino acids which constitute the basic elements of proteins had been synthesized.
4. Membranes — Mitochondria have their own cell membranes, just like a prokaryotic cell does.
DNA — each mitochondrion has its own circular DNA genome, like a bacteria's genome, but much smaller. This DNA is passed from a mitochondrion to its offspring and is separate from the "host" cell's genome in the nucleus.
Reproduction — Mitochondria multiply by pinching in half — the same process used by bacteria. Every new mitochondrion must be produced from a parent mitochondrion in this way; if a cell's mitochondria are removed, it can't build new ones from scratch.
Saturday, April 9, 2011
Friday, April 1, 2011
Evolution
1. Prophase & Allele Frequency- Allele frequency is the proportion of all copies of a gene that is made up of a particular gene variant. In other words, it is the number of copies of a particular allele divided by the number of copies of all alleles at the genetic place in a population. It’s related to prophase 1 because during prophase, chromosomes start to sort out each other’s and begin to divide cells into different pairs.
2. Analogous structures & Natural Selection- An analogy structures are a trait or an organs that appear similar unrelated organism. It’s related to natural selection because natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. One trait might be similar to the other trait, but that does not mean they came from a common ancestor. They could be similar because of the environmental changes.
3. Gene Pool & Bottleneck- Gene pool can classify as the total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population. Bottleneck is a phenomenon where the performance or capacity of an entire system is limited by a single or limited number of components or resources. Many species or genes are limited by the capacity and resources that they have in order for them to develop.
4. Balanced polymorphism & Search image- Balanced Selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation. A search image can help to see those multiple alleles clearly.
III. A few essential to take away from these selections
1. Species have the ability to produce more offspring than is necessary to replace themselves.
2. There are limited resources that prevent all offspring to survive.
3. Over a long term, natural populations are of a constant size
4. Individual within species vary in many characteristics
5. Much of those variations are heritable
6. Individual compete for limited resources
7. Those who obtain resources are more successful
2.
1. Modern humans evolve. The most recent extinction crisis is under way.
2. Mass extinction of all dinosaurs and many marine organisms.
3. Ninety percent of all families lost.
4. All land masses near equator.
5. Divergences lead to eukaryotic cells, then protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
3. Individuals don’t evolve, populations do. Let’s say there is only one species lives in one region. However, couple of them went to another region, and couple of them stay in its origins. The species that fly to another region will evolve to a different trait of species because of the environment. However, when individual evolve, the whole populations evolve as well.
4. There are 3 main resources of phenotypic variation in a population. First, individuals within populations must vary in traits. Second, variations in traits must be associated with differences in survivorship and reproduction. Lastly, the variation in the traits must be heritable.
5. p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1
P= frequency of one of two alleles
Q= Frequency of the other of two alleles.
1. There is no mutation
2. The population is infinitely large
3. The population is isolated from all other populations of the species
4. Mating is random
5. All individuals survive and produce the same number of offspring.
.
2. Analogous structures & Natural Selection- An analogy structures are a trait or an organs that appear similar unrelated organism. It’s related to natural selection because natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. One trait might be similar to the other trait, but that does not mean they came from a common ancestor. They could be similar because of the environmental changes.
3. Gene Pool & Bottleneck- Gene pool can classify as the total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population. Bottleneck is a phenomenon where the performance or capacity of an entire system is limited by a single or limited number of components or resources. Many species or genes are limited by the capacity and resources that they have in order for them to develop.
4. Balanced polymorphism & Search image- Balanced Selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation. A search image can help to see those multiple alleles clearly.
III. A few essential to take away from these selections
1. Species have the ability to produce more offspring than is necessary to replace themselves.
2. There are limited resources that prevent all offspring to survive.
3. Over a long term, natural populations are of a constant size
4. Individual within species vary in many characteristics
5. Much of those variations are heritable
6. Individual compete for limited resources
7. Those who obtain resources are more successful
2.
1. Modern humans evolve. The most recent extinction crisis is under way.
2. Mass extinction of all dinosaurs and many marine organisms.
3. Ninety percent of all families lost.
4. All land masses near equator.
5. Divergences lead to eukaryotic cells, then protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
3. Individuals don’t evolve, populations do. Let’s say there is only one species lives in one region. However, couple of them went to another region, and couple of them stay in its origins. The species that fly to another region will evolve to a different trait of species because of the environment. However, when individual evolve, the whole populations evolve as well.
4. There are 3 main resources of phenotypic variation in a population. First, individuals within populations must vary in traits. Second, variations in traits must be associated with differences in survivorship and reproduction. Lastly, the variation in the traits must be heritable.
5. p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1
P= frequency of one of two alleles
Q= Frequency of the other of two alleles.
1. There is no mutation
2. The population is infinitely large
3. The population is isolated from all other populations of the species
4. Mating is random
5. All individuals survive and produce the same number of offspring.
.
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