Evolution

1. Prophase & Allele Frequency- Allele frequency is the proportion of all copies of a gene that is made up of a particular gene variant. In other words, it is the number of copies of a particular allele divided by the number of copies of all alleles at the genetic place in a population. It’s related to prophase 1 because during prophase, chromosomes start to sort out each other’s and begin to divide cells into different pairs.
2. Analogous structures & Natural Selection- An analogy structures are a trait or an organs that appear similar unrelated organism. It’s related to natural selection because natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. One trait might be similar to the other trait, but that does not mean they came from a common ancestor. They could be similar because of the environmental changes.
3. Gene Pool & Bottleneck- Gene pool can classify as the total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population. Bottleneck is a phenomenon where the performance or capacity of an entire system is limited by a single or limited number of components or resources. Many species or genes are limited by the capacity and resources that they have in order for them to develop.
4. Balanced polymorphism & Search image- Balanced Selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation. A search image can help to see those multiple alleles clearly.
III. A few essential to take away from these selections
1. Species have the ability to produce more offspring than is necessary to replace themselves.
2. There are limited resources that prevent all offspring to survive.
3. Over a long term, natural populations are of a constant size
4. Individual within species vary in many characteristics
5. Much of those variations are heritable
6. Individual compete for limited resources
7. Those who obtain resources are more successful
2.
1. Modern humans evolve. The most recent extinction crisis is under way.
2. Mass extinction of all dinosaurs and many marine organisms.
3. Ninety percent of all families lost.
4. All land masses near equator.
5. Divergences lead to eukaryotic cells, then protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
3. Individuals don’t evolve, populations do. Let’s say there is only one species lives in one region. However, couple of them went to another region, and couple of them stay in its origins. The species that fly to another region will evolve to a different trait of species because of the environment. However, when individual evolve, the whole populations evolve as well.
4. There are 3 main resources of phenotypic variation in a population. First, individuals within populations must vary in traits. Second, variations in traits must be associated with differences in survivorship and reproduction. Lastly, the variation in the traits must be heritable.
5. p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1
P= frequency of one of two alleles
Q= Frequency of the other of two alleles.
1. There is no mutation
2. The population is infinitely large
3. The population is isolated from all other populations of the species
4. Mating is random
5. All individuals survive and produce the same number of offspring.
.